.research-document { --lab-base: #02070b; --lab-surface: #111416; --lab-text: #f5f5f7; --lab-secondary: #aebbc3; --lab-accent: #90dcea; color: var(--lab-text); }
.research-document .site-header { background: rgba(2,7,11,.92); backdrop-filter: blur(18px); }
.research-page { font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "PingFang SC", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; padding-top: 128px; }
.research-page h1, .research-page h2, .research-page h3, .research-page h4, .research-page p, .research-page figure { margin: 0; }
.research-page h1, .research-page h2, .research-page h3 { font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: -.025em; text-wrap: balance; }
.research-page p { text-wrap: pretty; }
.research-page a { text-underline-offset: 5px; }
.research-page a:focus-visible, .research-page summary:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--lab-accent); outline-offset: 6px; }
.lab-hero { max-width: 1200px; margin: auto; padding: 48px 40px 72px; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.25fr 1fr; gap: 72px; align-items: start; text-align: left; }
.lab-eyebrow { color: var(--lab-accent); font-size: 15px; font-weight: 500; }
.lab-hero h1 { margin: 20px 0 26px; font-size: clamp(36px,4.3vw,56px); line-height: 1.18; letter-spacing: -.045em; }
.lab-hero h1 span { display: block; }
.lab-hero > h1 { max-width: 16em; }
.lab-lead { color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.7; }
.lab-hero .lab-lead { max-width: 26em; font-size: 18px; margin: 0; }
.lab-hero-links { display: grid; gap: 18px; margin: 0; padding-top: 42px; text-align: left; }
.lab-hero-links a { display: block; overflow: hidden; color: var(--lab-text); text-decoration: none; background: var(--lab-surface); border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #ffffff0a; transition: background-color 180ms ease; }
.lab-hero-links a:hover { background: #1b1e20; }
.lab-preview-copy { position: relative; padding: 24px 56px 24px 28px; }
.lab-preview-copy small { display: block; color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.lab-preview-copy > span { display: block; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.4; }
.lab-preview-description { color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.65; margin-top: 12px !important; }
.lab-preview-copy i { position: absolute; right: 26px; top: 38px; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; }
.lab-hero-links img { display: block; width: calc(100% - 48px); height: 190px; margin: 0 24px; object-fit: cover; object-position: top; border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0; }
.lab-hero-links a:last-child img { object-fit: contain; }
.lab-caption { color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.65; }
.lab-study { max-width: 1200px; margin: auto; padding: 64px 40px 88px; scroll-margin-top: 90px; }
.lab-study-heading { max-width: 880px; margin-bottom: 36px; }
.lab-study-heading > p:not(.lab-eyebrow) { font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.75; color: var(--lab-secondary); max-width: 43em; }
.lab-study-heading h2 { font-size: clamp(30px,3.4vw,42px); line-height: 1.3; margin: 16px 0 22px; }
.lab-source { margin-top: 20px; }
.lab-source summary { font-size: 14px; cursor: pointer; color: var(--lab-accent); }
.lab-citation { display: block; color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 20px; }
.lab-citation span { font-size: 12px; }
.lab-excerpt { margin-top: 16px !important; max-width: 660px; }
.lab-excerpt-image { display: block; padding: 8px; background: white; border-radius: 8px; }
.lab-excerpt img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; }
.lab-excerpt figcaption { margin-top: 10px; }
.lab-excerpt figcaption p, .lab-excerpt figcaption a { font-size: 12px; color: var(--lab-secondary); }
.lab-question { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 130px 1fr; gap: 24px; align-items: baseline; padding: 26px 0; border-block: 1px solid #ffffff16; }
.lab-question > span { color: var(--lab-accent); font-size: 13px; }
.lab-question > p { font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.6; }
.lab-roles { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 32px; padding: 32px 0; }
.lab-roles h3, .lab-protocol h3 { font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 12px; }
.lab-roles > div:nth-child(2) h3 { color: var(--lab-accent); }
.lab-roles p, .lab-protocol p { color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.8; }
.lab-protocol { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 210px 1fr; gap: 28px; padding: 24px; background: var(--lab-surface); border-radius: 10px; }
.lab-protocol h3 { margin: 0; }
.lab-interpretation { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1.7fr; column-gap: 48px; row-gap: 18px; padding: 36px 0; border-top: 1px solid #ffffff20; margin-top: 40px; }
.lab-interpretation > .lab-eyebrow { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
.lab-interpretation h3 { grid-column: 1; grid-row: 2 / 5; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.45; }
.lab-interpretation > p:not(.lab-eyebrow) { grid-column: 2; font-size: 16px; color: var(--lab-secondary); }
.lab-interpretation > p:last-child { color: var(--lab-text); padding-top: 20px; border-top: 1px solid #ffffff20; }
.lab-walkthrough-intro { margin: 40px 0 30px; }
.lab-sample-intro { font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 8px !important; }
.lab-panel { display: grid; grid-template-columns: .8fr 1.6fr; gap: 48px; align-items: center; }
.lab-panel + .lab-panel { margin-top: 60px; }
.lab-panel-copy h3 { font-size: 29px; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 18px; }
.lab-panel-copy > p { font-size: 16px; color: var(--lab-secondary); }
.lab-panel-copy .lab-stage-label { color: var(--lab-accent); font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 12px; }
.lab-record-label { display: block; font-size: 12px; color: var(--lab-secondary); margin-top: 22px; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.lab-panel-copy .lab-record { font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8; color: var(--lab-text); padding-left: 12px; border-left: 2px solid var(--lab-accent); }
.lab-panel figure { min-width: 0; border-radius: 16px; padding: 7px; background: #19232b; box-shadow: 0 12px 36px #0004; }
.lab-image-link { display: block; }
.lab-image-link img { width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; border-radius: 10px; }
.lab-gallery + .lab-caption { margin-top: 18px; }
.lab-study-space .lab-panel-1 figure { background: #09151d; box-shadow: none; }
.lab-study-space .lab-panel-1 img { max-height: 440px; object-fit: contain; }
.lab-experiment { display: grid; grid-template-columns: .8fr 1.6fr; gap: 48px; margin-top: 60px; align-items: center; }
.lab-experiment h3 { font-size: 29px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 12px 0 18px; }
.lab-experiment-copy > p { color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 16px; }
.lab-experiment-copy > .lab-eyebrow { color: var(--lab-accent); font-size: 13px; }
.lab-experiment-copy > .lab-caption { margin-top: 18px; font-size: 13px; }
.lab-result, .lab-pattern-result { background: var(--lab-surface); padding: 32px; border-radius: 18px; }
.lab-rate + .lab-rate { margin-top: 26px; }
.lab-rate > span { color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 14px; }
.lab-rate > strong { display: flex; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; margin-top: 4px; }
.lab-rate b { font-size: 34px; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: -.03em; }
.lab-bar { height: 5px; background: #27343d; margin-top: 10px; border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; }
.lab-bar i { display: block; height: 100%; background: #90dcea; }
.negative .lab-bar i { background: #a4a6ee; }
.lab-sensitivity { margin-top: 26px; padding-top: 20px; border-top: 1px solid #30404b; font-size: 14px; }
.lab-sensitivity summary { color: var(--lab-accent); cursor: pointer; }
.lab-sensitivity p { margin-top: 14px; color: var(--lab-secondary); }
.lab-agreement { text-align: center; padding-block: 40px; }
.lab-agreement h4 { font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; color: var(--lab-secondary); }
.lab-agreement > strong { display: block; font-size: 88px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: -.045em; color: var(--lab-accent); margin: 16px 0; }
.lab-agreement > strong span { font-size: 44px; }
.lab-agreement > .lab-caption { margin-top: 12px; }
.lab-supplement { margin-top: 42px; padding: 20px 0; border-block: 1px solid #26333d; }
.lab-supplement summary { font-size: 15px; color: var(--lab-secondary); cursor: pointer; }
.lab-method-columns { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 48px; margin-top: 28px; }
.lab-method h4 { font-size: 18px; font-weight: 500; }
.lab-method dl { margin: 18px 0 0; display: grid; gap: 18px; }
.lab-method dt { font-size: 12px; color: var(--lab-secondary); margin-bottom: 5px; }
.lab-method dd { margin: 0; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.75; color: var(--lab-secondary); }
.lab-method dl > div:last-child dt { color: var(--lab-accent); }
.lab-method dl > div:last-child dd { color: var(--lab-text); }
.lab-value { margin-top: 24px; }
.lab-value p { color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 13px; }
.lab-study-space { border-top: 1px solid #24323c; }
.case-disclosure { max-width: 520px; margin: 22px 0 0; }
.case-disclosure .lab-caption { font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.7; color: #84949d; }
.case-researchers { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 32px; padding: 26px 0; border-block: 1px solid #ffffff18; }
.case-author { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 16px; color: var(--lab-text); text-decoration: none; flex: 1 1 290px; }
.case-author img { width: 72px; height: 72px; object-fit: cover; object-position: center 25%; border-radius: 50%; background: #253039; }
.case-author-copy { display: grid; gap: 4px; }
.case-author strong { font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; }
.case-author-copy > span, .case-coauthors > span { font-size: 13px; color: var(--lab-secondary); }
.case-author:hover strong { color: var(--lab-accent); }
.case-coauthors { flex: 1 1 360px; display: grid; align-content: center; gap: 7px; }
.case-coauthors strong { font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.7; font-weight: 500; }
.case-author-credit { font-size: 11px; color: #84949d; margin-top: 10px !important; }
.case-section { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 260px minmax(0, 1fr); column-gap: 48px; row-gap: 18px; margin: 48px 0; }
.case-section h3 { grid-column: 1; grid-row: 1; align-self: start; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; }
.case-section > p { grid-column: 2; color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.85; max-width: 46em; }
.case-paper-links { display: grid; gap: 8px; margin: -24px 0 48px 308px; }
.case-paper-links a { color: var(--lab-accent); font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
.case-subhead { margin: 48px 0 20px !important; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.5; }
.case-table-wrap { overflow-x: auto; margin: 24px 0; border: 1px solid #ffffff18; border-radius: 12px; background: var(--lab-surface); }
.case-table-wrap table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.7; }
.case-table-wrap caption { caption-side: bottom; padding: 16px 20px; text-align: left; color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 13px; }
.case-table-wrap th, .case-table-wrap td { padding: 18px 20px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff14; vertical-align: top; }
.case-table-wrap thead th { color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 13px; font-weight: 500; white-space: nowrap; }
.case-table-wrap tbody th { font-weight: 500; min-width: 150px; }
.case-table-wrap td { color: var(--lab-secondary); }
.case-table-wrap tr:last-child > * { border-bottom: 0; }
.case-takeaway { padding: 24px 28px; border-left: 3px solid var(--lab-accent); background: #90dcea08; color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.85; margin: 28px 0 !important; }
.case-conclusion { border-top: 1px solid #ffffff20; padding-top: 36px; }
.case-conclusion h3 { color: var(--lab-accent); }
.case-efficiency { border-top: 1px solid #24323c; }
.case-efficiency h2 { font-size: clamp(28px, 4vw, 40px); margin-bottom: 24px; }
.case-efficiency > p { max-width: 54em; color: var(--lab-secondary); }
@media (max-width: 960px) {
 .lab-study { padding-inline: 28px; }
 .lab-panel, .lab-experiment { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 28px; }
 .lab-panel-copy, .lab-experiment-copy { max-width: 680px; }
 .lab-panel figure { max-width: 800px; }
 .lab-result, .lab-pattern-result { max-width: 800px; }
}
@media (max-width: 600px) {
 .research-page { padding-top: 146px; }
 .lab-hero { padding: 16px 24px 36px; }
 .lab-hero h1 { font-size: clamp(30px,9vw,38px); line-height: 1.27; }
 .lab-hero-links { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 16px; margin: 32px 0 24px; }
 .lab-preview-copy { padding: 20px 48px 20px 24px; }
 .lab-preview-copy > span { font-size: 21px; }
 .lab-hero-links img { height: 148px; }
 .lab-lead { font-size: 18px; }
 .lab-study { padding: 40px 24px 60px; scroll-margin-top: 120px; }
 .lab-study-heading h2 { font-size: 32px; }
 .lab-question { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; padding: 22px; }
 .lab-question > p { font-size: 19px; }
 .lab-panel-copy h3, .lab-experiment h3 { font-size: 26px; }
 .lab-panel + .lab-panel, .lab-experiment { margin-top: 44px; }
 .lab-result, .lab-pattern-result { padding: 24px; }
 .lab-method-columns { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 28px; }
 .lab-agreement > strong { font-size: 72px; }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { html { scroll-behavior: auto; } }
@media (prefers-reduced-transparency: reduce) { .research-document .site-header { background: var(--lab-base); backdrop-filter: none; } }

.research-stage { display: none; }
.research-scroll-step { display: grid; grid-template-columns: .8fr 1.6fr; gap: 48px; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 48px; }
.research-card { padding: 32px; background: #111416; border: 1px solid #ffffff0a; border-radius: 12px; }
.research-card h3 { font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.35; margin: 18px 0 20px; }
.research-card > p { font-size: 16px; color: var(--lab-secondary); }
.research-card > .lab-stage-label, .research-card > .lab-eyebrow { color: var(--lab-accent); font-size: 13px; }
.research-card > .lab-record { color: var(--lab-text); font-size: 14px; border-top: 1px solid #ffffff18; padding-top: 14px; }
.research-card > .lab-caption { font-size: 13px; margin-top: 18px; }
.research-scroll.is-ready { --research-header: 80px; display: grid; grid-template-columns: .9fr 1.5fr; gap: 56px; position: relative; }
.is-ready .research-stage { display: block; grid-column: 2; grid-row: 1; min-width: 0; }
.is-ready .research-cards { grid-column: 1; grid-row: 1; min-width: 0; }
.is-ready .research-scroll-step { display: flex; align-items: center; min-height: calc(76svh - var(--research-header)); margin: 0; padding: 32px 0; }
.research-card { width: 100%; }
.is-ready .research-card { opacity: var(--card-opacity, 1); transform: translateY(var(--card-offset, 0px)); }
.research-card:focus-within { opacity: 1; }
.research-stick { position: sticky; top: var(--research-stage-top, calc(var(--research-header) + 32px)); }
.research-screens { display: grid; aspect-ratio: 8 / 5; max-height: calc(100svh - var(--research-header) - 64px); border-radius: 12px; background: #111416; border: 1px solid #ffffff12; box-shadow: 0 24px 64px #0003; overflow: hidden; }
.is-ready .research-frame { grid-area: 1 / 1; min-width: 0; min-height: 0; overflow: auto; opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; pointer-events: none; transition: opacity 280ms ease, visibility 0s linear 280ms; }
.is-ready .research-frame.is-on { opacity: 1; visibility: visible; pointer-events: auto; z-index: 1; transition-delay: 0s; }
.research-frame figure, .research-frame .lab-image-link { height: 100%; }
.case-diagram-hint { color: var(--lab-secondary); font-size: 13px; margin: 24px 0 12px !important; }
.research-frame .case-diagram-en { display: none; }
html[lang="en"] .research-frame .case-diagram-zh { display: none; }
html[lang="en"] .research-frame .case-diagram-en { display: block; }
.case-diagram .lab-image-link { cursor: zoom-in; }
.research-frame img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: contain; border-radius: 0; }
.research-frame .lab-result, .research-frame .lab-pattern-result { min-height: 100%; border-radius: 0; }
.research-frame .lab-pattern-result { display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; }
@media (max-width: 800px) {
 .lab-hero { display: block; padding: 28px 24px 48px; }
 .lab-hero h1 { font-size: clamp(32px, 7.8vw, 48px); }
 .lab-hero-links { padding-top: 0; margin: 32px 0 0; grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
 .case-researchers { gap: 24px; }
 .case-author { flex-basis: 100%; }
 .case-author img { width: 60px; height: 60px; }
 .case-coauthors { flex-basis: 100%; }
 .case-section { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 18px; margin: 36px 0; }
 .case-section h3 { grid-column: 1; grid-row: auto; font-size: 23px; }
 .case-section > p { grid-column: 1; font-size: 16px; }
 .case-paper-links { margin: -12px 0 36px; }
 .case-table-wrap table { font-size: 14px; min-width: 580px; }
 .case-table-wrap th, .case-table-wrap td { padding: 14px 16px; }
 .case-subhead { font-size: 23px; }
 .case-takeaway { padding: 20px; }
 .lab-roles { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; }
 .lab-protocol, .lab-interpretation { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 16px; }
 .lab-interpretation h3, .lab-interpretation > p:not(.lab-eyebrow) { grid-column: 1; grid-row: auto; }
 .lab-interpretation h3 { font-size: 26px; }
 .research-scroll-step { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; }
 .research-scroll.is-ready { display: block; }
 .is-ready .research-stage { position: sticky; top: var(--research-header); z-index: 8; padding: 12px 0; background: var(--lab-base); }
 .research-stick { position: static; }
 .research-screens { height: 30svh; max-height: 300px; aspect-ratio: auto; }
 .is-ready .research-scroll-step { min-height: calc(70svh - var(--research-header)); padding: 30px 0; }
 .research-card { padding: 24px; border-radius: 10px; }
 .research-card h3 { font-size: 24px; }
 .research-frame .lab-result, .research-frame .lab-pattern-result { padding: 18px 24px; }
 .research-frame .lab-rate + .lab-rate { margin-top: 16px; }
 .research-frame .lab-rate b { font-size: 26px; }
 .research-frame .lab-sensitivity { margin-top: 16px; padding-top: 12px; }
 .research-frame .lab-agreement > strong { font-size: 56px; margin: 6px 0; }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { .research-frame, .research-card { transition: none !important; } .is-ready .research-card { opacity: 1; transform: none; } }